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Gardner Williams (1895-1972) on Wronging Animals

Animal Ethics

That is, they contribute to increasing, in the long run, the quantity of satisfaction which an individual experiences. The interests in nourishment and in gustatory pleasure lead man to kill and eat cattle, fish, and fowl. This cuts down on the long-range satisfactions of the cattle, the fish, and the fowl.

Lamb 40
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Here’s the new bird family tree. It’s amazing.

10,000 Birds

Ratites, Tinamous, and Fowl. Seriema at the deepest branch of Australaves could be considered to belong to a raptorial taxon because they kill vertebrate prey and are the sole living relatives of the extinct giant “terror birds,” apex predators during the Paleogene. Open Jarvis et al.’s Jarvis et al. Jarvis et al.

Family 279
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Moral Vegetarianism, Part 3 of 13

Animal Ethics

Most moral vegetarians list fish and fowl as animals one should not eat. Second, it might be argued that although it is wrong to kill microorganisms, it is not obvious that eating them kills them. Neither is it obvious, however, that eating microorganisms does not kill them. Killing a hog can be avoided.

Morals 40