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On Different Results of Direct Action

Animal Person

There is a profound difference between what Sea Shepherd does and what the Animal Liberation Front does, but there are also similarities, and those similarities increase in number if a direct action by the ALF (or anyone else) is an open rescue and therefore a direct defense of sentient nonhumans being attacked by humans.

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J. J. C. Smart on the Moral Status of Animals

Animal Ethics

It is a merit of utilitarianism, with its stress on happiness and unhappiness, that lower animals must be considered along with human beings, so that they are not debarred from full or direct consideration because they are not "rational." Perhaps Smart was still thinking (in 1980) of Kant versus Bentham, rationality versus sentience.

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