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Gardner Williams (1895-1972) on Wronging Animals

Animal Ethics

Its validity is limited by other moral imperatives. The interests in nourishment and in gustatory pleasure lead man to kill and eat cattle, fish, and fowl. And I believe that in most cases man is morally justified in thus reducing the satisfactions of the food animals. But sound reason denies that love is the whole duty of man.

Lamb 40
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Meat, Cancer, and the Cumulative Case for Ethical Vegetarianism

Animal Ethics

Ethical vegetarianism is the thesis that killing and eating animals is morally wrong whenever equally nutritious plant-based alternatives are available. Causing an animal to suffer for no good reason is cruel, and our ordinary commonsense morality tells us in no uncertain terms that cruelty is wrong. No one disputes premise (3).

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From the Mailbag

Animal Ethics

I refuse to eat pork, but eat grass-fed beef when I am making Persian food, and certain forms of chicken and lamb with other ethnic foods I consume. What if it's customary to allow guests to torture or kill one of the tribe? In other words, there are moral limits to science, as to law. I, like you, am not a complete vegetarian.