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Gardner Williams (1895-1972) on Wronging Animals

Animal Ethics

The interests in nourishment and in gustatory pleasure lead man to kill and eat cattle, fish, and fowl. This cuts down on the long-range satisfactions of the cattle, the fish, and the fowl. That is, they contribute to increasing, in the long run, the quantity of satisfaction which an individual experiences.

Lamb 40
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Moral Vegetarianism, Part 3 of 13

Animal Ethics

Most moral vegetarians list fish and fowl as animals one should not eat. Second, it might be argued that although it is wrong to kill microorganisms, it is not obvious that eating them kills them. Neither is it obvious, however, that eating microorganisms does not kill them. Killing a hog can be avoided.

Morals 40