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Gardner Williams (1895-1972) on Wronging Animals

Animal Ethics

The interests in nourishment and in gustatory pleasure lead man to kill and eat cattle, fish, and fowl. This cuts down on the long-range satisfactions of the cattle, the fish, and the fowl. And I believe that in most cases man is morally justified in thus reducing the satisfactions of the food animals.

Lamb 40
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Moral Vegetarianism, Part 3 of 13

Animal Ethics

Most moral vegetarians list fish and fowl as animals one should not eat. First, it may be argued that only animals who can feel pain are not to be eaten. Second, it might be argued that although it is wrong to kill microorganisms, it is not obvious that eating them kills them. Killing a hog can be avoided.

Morals 40