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Gardner Williams (1895-1972) on Wronging Animals

Animal Ethics

Its validity is limited by other moral imperatives. The interests in nourishment and in gustatory pleasure lead man to kill and eat cattle, fish, and fowl. This cuts down on the long-range satisfactions of the cattle, the fish, and the fowl. But sound reason denies that love is the whole duty of man.

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Moral Vegetarianism, Part 3 of 13

Animal Ethics

For an explanation of this feature, click on “Moral Vegetarianism” at the bottom of this post. Most moral vegetarians list fish and fowl as animals one should not eat. If beef cattle who could not feel pain were developed, then it would be permissible to eat them. What Meat Should Not Be Eaten? What is forbidden meat?

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